Since the original report by Gallup (1970), there have been numerous attempts to document MSR abilities in a variety of nonhuman species ( Anderson and Gallup, 2015) and the evidence indicates that only a few other species show MSR. threat faces), followed by exploration of the area behind the mirror, ‘testing’ of the reflection’s properties and, potentially, exploration of the mark and other regions of the body not visible without the mirror ( Gallup, 1970). Responses to the mirror follow a distinctive progression, beginning with species-typical social behavior toward a conspecific (e.g. A mirror is then placed in the animal’s proximity. As a control, a transparent, non-pigmented mark is also placed in the same area. In the mark test, an odorless, non-tactile pigment is placed on a part of the animal’s body which cannot be perceived without a mirror, typically the face. MSR was first demonstrated by Gallup’s (1970) study using the mark test ( Gallup, 1970 Anderson and Gallup, 2015). These results suggest that self-recognition may have co-emerged with adaptations to frontoparietal circuitry.Ī distinguishing feature of human and non-human great ape social cognition is mirror self-recognition (MSR). ![]() Thus, chimpanzees with more human-like behavior show more human-like SLFIII connectivity. Notably, SLFIII’s terminations in Broca’s area are not right-lateralized or particularly pronounced at the population level in chimpanzees, as they are in humans. We observed a visible progression of SLFIII’s prefrontal extension in apes that show negative, ambiguous, and compelling evidence of MSR. Successful self-recognition was associated with greater rightward asymmetry in the white matter of SLFII and SLFIII, and in SLFIII’s gray matter terminations in Broca’s area. The current study measured mirror self-recognition (MSR) and SLF anatomy in 60 chimpanzees using diffusion tensor imaging. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is a system of white matter tracts linking these frontal and parietal regions. ![]() In humans, self-recognition involves a distributed, right-lateralized network including frontal and parietal regions involved in the production and perception of action. However, this ability is highly variable across individual chimpanzees. The ability to recognize one’s own reflection is shared by humans and only a few other species, including chimpanzees.
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